Low-Cost IoT System Prototype to Detect Supbotimal Conditions in PV Arrays

A key challenge in the development of smart cities is optimizing the utilization of energy generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems using accessible and low-cost technologies. This research presents a prototype of IoT platform with a total cost of 44 dollars, which employs a mathematical model based on artificial intelligence to detect suboptimal conditions by comparing the theoretical daily energy with the actual energy generated in a PV installation. The platform also incorporates remote visualization and analysis functionalities, facilitating its use and management. Its experimental validation demonstrated that, as a prototype, this type of solution can automatically and accurately identify suboptimal conditions in PV installations. This solution is not only suitable for small and medium-sized systems but is also scalable for integration into smart city energy networks, promoting a more efficient and resilient urban infrastructure through effective preventive maintenance.