Disinfection of surfaces contaminated with Clostridioides difficile endospores using NaCl-derived electrochemically activated solution

Background: Clostridioides difficile is transmitted through endospores. Most disinfection procedures for these structures deploy high concentrations of chlorine-derived compounds such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC). However, these substances are linked to undesirable public health and environmental issues. Aim: To compare the efficacy of NaCl-derived electrochemically activated solution (ECAS, 0.18% w/v NaOCl, pH=9.6–10.3), commercial bleach (5000 ppm, 2.83% w/v NaOCl, pH=5.6) and NaDCC (1000 ppm, pH=6.8) to inactivate C. difficile endospores on surfaces using a standard quantitative test (EPA MO-21-03). Findings: Ten representative reference and field strains from multi-locus sequence typing Clades 1–5 were assayed (N=10). Irrespective of the phylogenetic background of the strains, ECAS showed comparable or better log reduction values [mean=3.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40–5.56] than bleach (mean=2.74, 95% CI 0.12–5.50) and NaDCC (mean=2.02, 95% CI 0.10–5.12). Cyclic voltammetry measurements revealed similar electrochemical behaviours and open-circuit potentials for ECAS and NaOCl. Congruently, similar morphologies for spores treated with these two compounds were observed by transmission electron microscopy. A factorial design demonstrated that exposure time, but not activation time, influenced the efficacy of ECAS. Conclusions: ECAS and NaOC were found to have functional equivalence and may have a common mechanism of action.