Recovery of Novel Sequence Variants in Chemically Mutagenized Seed and Vegetatively Propagated Coffea arabica L.

The negative effects of climate change impact both farmers and consumers. This is exemplified in coffee, one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world. Yield loss in high-quality Coffea arabica L., due to the spread of coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix), results in lower income for subsistence farmers and volatile prices in markets and cafes. Genetic improvement of crops is a proven approach to support sustainable production while mitigating the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses and simultaneously maintaining or improving quality. However, the improvement of many species, including coffee, is hindered by low genetic diversity. This can be overcome by inducing novel genetic variation via treatment of seeds or cells with mutagens. To evaluate this approach in coffee, mutant populations created by incubating seed or embryogenic calli with the chemical mutagens ethyl methanesulphonate or sodium azide were subject to reduced-representation DNA sequencing using the ddRADseq approach. More than 10,000 novel variants were recovered. Functional analysis revealed hundreds of sequence changes predicted to be deleterious for gene function. We discuss the challenges of unambiguously assigning these variants as being caused by the mutagenic treatment and describe purpose-built computational tools to facilitate the recovery of novel genetic variation from mutant plant populations.